Moving image production
I produced a 90 second short film for the DepicT! Competition
A moving image can be anything from a six second vine to a
two hour film. Including a television show and an advert. As long as there is a
moving visual element to the product it is classed as a moving image media
product.
There are a few different methods to distribution in the
media industry. One of which is going to a distributor and getting a
distributions deal and then depending on what your product is (whether it is a
short film or a feature length film) will depend on what and how the product is
distributed to the public. If you’re releasing a short film then the
distributor will “represent your film at festivals and markets around the world
and attempt to sell it to television, airlines and other companies that show
short films.” (http://www.bbc.co.uk/filmnetwork/filmmaking/guide/distribution/distribution#online)
If you’re releasing a feature length film then the
distributor will “handle the theatrical release of a film in a particulate
country as well as the marketing and circulation of film for home viewing (DVD,
Video-On-Demand, Download, Television etc” (http://www.bbc.co.uk/filmnetwork/filmmaking/guide/distribution/distribution#online)
Another way of distributing your product is to self-distribute.
There are both advantages and disadvantages of self-distribution. Such as, an
advantage would be that you (as the filmmaker) will keeps all rights to your
film, which means that you have full control over everything including where
you want your film to be shown (for examples which cinemas). A disadvantage
would be that you make have limited options as for who you are able to sell
your film to, because established distributors have already got connects to
buyers.
Online distribution is another way to distribute short
films, this includes websites such as YouTube (www.youtube.com),
BFI (British Film Institute) (www.bfi.org.uk/filmdownloads.html)
and Guardian Unlimited: Cybercinema (www.film.guardian.co.uk/cybercinema).Finance and sources of funding
There are many different ways in which you are able to get
funding for your product. One way to get funding is through crowdfunding.
Crowdfunding is when you ask a large group of people through the internet to
give some money (usually a small amount of money).There are three different
types of crowd funding, donation/reward, debt and equity. The difference
between them is what the investors get out of the product.
Donation/reward crowdfunding is when the investor doesn’t get any money back in return, however they can be offered a rewards (these rewards may include regular updates on the product’s progress, acknowledgment on the final product or small gifts from the filmmaker(s)). Many investors who give money through donation/reward crowdfunding don’t expect anything in return, just the satisfaction of helping someone to bring an idea to life.
Debt crowdfunding is when the investor gets back the money they put in to the project/product including some interest on top.
Equity funding is when the investors give money in “exchange for shares or a small stake in the project. If the project is successful the value of the share/stake goes up. If not, the value goes down.” (http://www.ukcfa.org.uk/what-is-crowdfunding)
Donation/reward crowdfunding is when the investor doesn’t get any money back in return, however they can be offered a rewards (these rewards may include regular updates on the product’s progress, acknowledgment on the final product or small gifts from the filmmaker(s)). Many investors who give money through donation/reward crowdfunding don’t expect anything in return, just the satisfaction of helping someone to bring an idea to life.
Debt crowdfunding is when the investor gets back the money they put in to the project/product including some interest on top.
Equity funding is when the investors give money in “exchange for shares or a small stake in the project. If the project is successful the value of the share/stake goes up. If not, the value goes down.” (http://www.ukcfa.org.uk/what-is-crowdfunding)
Another type of funding is product placement. This is “an
agreement between a product manufacturer and a media company, in which the
media company receives economic benefit. A company will often pay a fee to have
their product used, displayed, or significantly featured in a movie or show.” (http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/product-placement.html)In the re-make of The Italian Job (2003) the famous car chase scene featured three BMW Mini Coopers. BMW provided 20 cars for the film and “saw a 22% increase in sales in the year the film was released.” (http://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/product-placement-examples)
Requirements for any production
Below is a list of what the budget will be used for:
·
Story rights – This is what you need to get if
you were to make a film which is based on a play, novel, video game, musical,
sequel or remake. This might cost anything from a few thousands “to over $10
million” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_budgeting)
·
Screenplay – The best screenwriters get paid
between “$100,000 to $2 million” and “$400,000 a week” to rewrite a script for
a film. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_budgeting)
·
Producers – Both film producers and executive
producers earn a seven-figure salary and on top of that they get bonuses and a
share from the profits made on the film.
·
Director: As part of the DGA (“The Directors Guild of America (DGA) is an entertainment guild which represents the interests of film and television directors in the United States motion picture industry and abroad.” - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America)
a director earns a minimum of $16,800 per week for a film that is scheduled for
at least ten weeks of work. A film-director who is an A-list director is able
to earn “$5 to $10 million per film” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_budgeting)
·
Cast – Most of the cast of a film are usually
paid by an Actors Guild (An Actors Guild is a labor union which represented film and television principal and background performers worldwide - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild)
and earn around $2300 per week. More famous actors can earn around $30 million
per film and get perks, such as a trailer or an entourage (“the group following
and attending to an important person” - http://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/entourage).
Extras on a film that belong to a union can earn $130 a day and then get paid extra for overtime or providing their own wardrobe. However, if an extra is working on a low-budget film and doesn’t belong to any union then they can be paid less or not at all.
Extras on a film that belong to a union can earn $130 a day and then get paid extra for overtime or providing their own wardrobe. However, if an extra is working on a low-budget film and doesn’t belong to any union then they can be paid less or not at all.
·
Production costs – This is the necessities of
making a film, such as the “crew’s wages, production design, live set and
studio costs, costumes, catering, accommodation, transportation, travel and
hotel stay.” The highest paid crew member earns $500,000 to $1 million and this
is most often the director of photography.
·
Visual Effects – Anything that is created on the
computer during post-production is called computer generated imagery. How much
this will cost will depend on how much work is done on the computer in
post-production. “Avatar or The Lord of the Rings, can easily cost up to
$100,000,000” just on its visual effects.
·
Music – To compose an original piece for a film
a top composer can earn a seven-figure salary. An artist who isn’t very well
known maybe asked for the rights to their song for a small fee and publicity. “Typically,
the music budget of a major motion picture is about 2 percent of the final total.”
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_budgeting)
For my DepicT! Project we worked on a low-budget, we
actually used our own money to buy anything that we needed. Luckily we didn’t
need much. The most expensive thing that we bought for the project was a pack
of Polaroid film. We also bought flowers, oven meals and hot drinks. Due to
filming in different locations we also had to pay bus fare. The bus fare
totaled to £4.70, it would have been cheaper if I had a bus pass but I didn’t
so I had to pay full price. The whole project costed £41.94.
Personnel
Crew:
A low budget short: On a low budget short film the crew is usually
known as a skeleton crew. “A skeleton crew is the crew that is stripped down
the bare essential crew members, usually in order to save money in production.”
(http://www.indiewire.com/article/the-5-people-filmmakers-need-for-a-tiny-skeleton-crew)
Noam Kroll from Indiewire says that a crew of 5 is sufficient enough however this does not include the director or producer as they have to be on any film crew anyway. He suggests that they best skeleton includes a director of photography, a make-up artist/hair dresser, a production assistant, a location sound recordist and a gaffer/grip. Below is a brief description of what each role entails:
Director of photography: creates the film’s visual identity or look by working closely with the director, camera crew and the lighting department. They also oversee all aspects of the filming process, such as ordering and supervision of the equipment, sorting out recces and re-watching any footage.
A make-up artist/hair dresser: styles hair and applies make-up for all of the
actors and extras. They also have to research what the most popular looks and
trends were in the period the film is set as well as design the look for each
character to match the period. While filming they also have to stand and watch
to do touch ups to both the make-up and hair style during each take.
A production assistant: does anything on set. Anything literally means anything from getting coffee, to taking the crew or equipment to where they needed to be and when. What a production assistant does “depends on the budget of the production as well as how much faith his/her superiors have in their abilities.” (http://filmtvcareers.about.com/od/basics/p/CP_ProdAsst.htm)
A location sound recordist: literally does what they say on the tin. They
record the sound in synchronisation with the camera.
Gaffer/grip: they are the head electrician and are responsible for the lighting plan and sometimes they even design the plan.
Noam Kroll from Indiewire says that a crew of 5 is sufficient enough however this does not include the director or producer as they have to be on any film crew anyway. He suggests that they best skeleton includes a director of photography, a make-up artist/hair dresser, a production assistant, a location sound recordist and a gaffer/grip. Below is a brief description of what each role entails:
Director of photography: creates the film’s visual identity or look by working closely with the director, camera crew and the lighting department. They also oversee all aspects of the filming process, such as ordering and supervision of the equipment, sorting out recces and re-watching any footage.
A make-up artist/hair dresser: styles hair and applies make-up for all of the
actors and extras. They also have to research what the most popular looks and
trends were in the period the film is set as well as design the look for each
character to match the period. While filming they also have to stand and watch
to do touch ups to both the make-up and hair style during each take. A production assistant: does anything on set. Anything literally means anything from getting coffee, to taking the crew or equipment to where they needed to be and when. What a production assistant does “depends on the budget of the production as well as how much faith his/her superiors have in their abilities.” (http://filmtvcareers.about.com/od/basics/p/CP_ProdAsst.htm)
A location sound recordist: literally does what they say on the tin. They
record the sound in synchronisation with the camera.Gaffer/grip: they are the head electrician and are responsible for the lighting plan and sometimes they even design the plan.
A television program: There are a lot more people needed
on the crew to produce a television program.
A television producer is needed and they are “in charge of, or helps coordinate, the financial, legal, administrative, technological and artistic aspects of a production.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_crew). A head writer is also an essential member to the crew as they supervise all of the writing crew. They are more likely to be working on shows such as soap operas, sketch comedies and talk shows. If there is no head writer the role falls down to the executive producer. A floor manager is another member of the crew and their job entails keeping everyone on schedule by giving instructions or directions to anyone on the crew and cast. A runner may also be part of the crew and these are usually a junior member. They do all the small jobs that will support everyone who needs help. When a runner becomes more responsible then they are allowed to take on a bigger role within the crew. In the post-production of the program a title sequence designer is needed. They make the title sequence of the program which appears at the beginning and usually features a montage of images and a theme tune that relates to the genre of the series.
A television producer is needed and they are “in charge of, or helps coordinate, the financial, legal, administrative, technological and artistic aspects of a production.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_crew). A head writer is also an essential member to the crew as they supervise all of the writing crew. They are more likely to be working on shows such as soap operas, sketch comedies and talk shows. If there is no head writer the role falls down to the executive producer. A floor manager is another member of the crew and their job entails keeping everyone on schedule by giving instructions or directions to anyone on the crew and cast. A runner may also be part of the crew and these are usually a junior member. They do all the small jobs that will support everyone who needs help. When a runner becomes more responsible then they are allowed to take on a bigger role within the crew. In the post-production of the program a title sequence designer is needed. They make the title sequence of the program which appears at the beginning and usually features a montage of images and a theme tune that relates to the genre of the series.
Hollywood feature film: Like for a television program or a
short film the most important members of the crew is the director and the
producer.
The role of a director may vary in different projects, however they are usually the one with “creative control” (http://www.bbc.co.uk/filmnetwork/filmmaking/guide/production/cast-and-crew#roles) from when they begin to when the project is finished.
The role of a producer has a lot of different aspects and each one is most likely to be different. However, “a producer is where the buck stops on money, organisation, the team and rights.” (http://www.bbc.co.uk/filmnetwork/filmmaking/guide/production/cast-and-crew#roles). One other person on the crew for a feature film is a continuity/script supervisor. This person is the one who makes everything that is important to the scene and continuity of the film consistent in each shot.
The role of a director may vary in different projects, however they are usually the one with “creative control” (http://www.bbc.co.uk/filmnetwork/filmmaking/guide/production/cast-and-crew#roles) from when they begin to when the project is finished.
The role of a producer has a lot of different aspects and each one is most likely to be different. However, “a producer is where the buck stops on money, organisation, the team and rights.” (http://www.bbc.co.uk/filmnetwork/filmmaking/guide/production/cast-and-crew#roles). One other person on the crew for a feature film is a continuity/script supervisor. This person is the one who makes everything that is important to the scene and continuity of the film consistent in each shot.
In my group none of us had experience with any of the
paperwork so Freya read through all the paperwork required and then split it equally between the three of us. Then we went away and did our contribution to
the group’s paperwork and then put it together when it was finished.
When it came to filming Max wasn’t able to attend most of the sessions so I filmed everything (except the video chat scene – Max was able to attend this filming session) and Freya (and Billy – a friend we asked to be in our film) acted on camera. Both Freya and Billy had a GCSE in Performing a
Arts and Freya is also studying Performing Arts at college so they had plenty of acting experience.
When we edited the film Freya started off the edit and then I finished it off. If we had anything we weren’t sure about we asked Max what he thought we could do and then consulted him on whether he thought something worked and if we cut the clips in the right places.
When it came to filming Max wasn’t able to attend most of the sessions so I filmed everything (except the video chat scene – Max was able to attend this filming session) and Freya (and Billy – a friend we asked to be in our film) acted on camera. Both Freya and Billy had a GCSE in Performing a
Arts and Freya is also studying Performing Arts at college so they had plenty of acting experience.
When we edited the film Freya started off the edit and then I finished it off. If we had anything we weren’t sure about we asked Max what he thought we could do and then consulted him on whether he thought something worked and if we cut the clips in the right places.
Cast/other contributors:
If a film or television program has a stunt and involves
stunt performers (the people who do the dangerous stuff in place of the actual
actors) then a stunt coordinator is hired and arranges the casting and
performance of the stunts. A propmaster is the member of the team that is responsible for all the props that the actors have to use but it isn’t part of the scenery or costumes as well as all food that will be on screen. They also have to purchase, rent and manufacture anything needed and if they are working on a period piece they have to research and ensure that everything used is authentic to the time period of the film. The propmaster usually has quite a few assistants to help them organise everything. A weapons master has a similar job to the propmaster, however their role is specialised in firearms.
The cast is everyone seen onscreen. This includes the big stars of the film, to
the background extras. Sometimes important members of the crew make cameos in
the film. Stan Lee, the chairman of Marvel Comics, makes a cameo in most of
the marvel films.
Time
We were given six weeks in total to do all of the paperwork,
filming and editing. The first two weeks were focused on completing all of the
paperwork and organising where and when we were going to film, the second two
weeks were focused on completing all of the filming and the last two weeks were
focused on editing the film.
A line producer is an important member of the crew as they
are there to make sure that the film meets its deadlines and sticks to the
budget. However, sometimes things just don’t work out and the film doesn’t meet its
deadline for whatever reason.
My group met the deadlines for both the filming and editing
on the project, however we didn’t meet the deadline for the paperwork. I think
this might have been, because none of us had any experience in filling out
proper paperwork for a film. We ended up getting small bits of it completed
across the six weeks instead of in the first two weeks.
Equipment/Facilities
The equipment that is required to make a good quality film
is listed below:
·
A Camera is needed to film all of the visual
aspects of the film. There is a wide range of cameras and lenses which will be suitable
for what type of film you’re making and your budget. 
·
Lighting is important to making a film, however
if the budget (like a low-budget/no budget) doesn’t allow for it then filming
in natural light (during the day) will work. Lighting requires a lot of time
and effort to get it just write so that you don’t have to go back and re-film the
whole scene again. Lighting should also be suited to where you’re going to film
and also seem authentic to the setting in which the scene is taking place.
·
Sound should be recorded, but as long as the
dialogue is recorded to a high standard then the background sounds of the scene
can be recorded after the actual filming of the scene and put together with in
the post-production process.
·
Transport to cart around equipment is needed but
also to get to all the filming locations. If you keep any equipment in a
car/van overnight then it needs to be locked away securely for insurance
purposes.
At college we have an AV room where we can go and hire out
equipment to use for our projects. If we want to hire anything out for
overnight or the weekend then we have to get our parents to sign a form to be
allowed to take the equipment off of the college grounds. In the room there is
different cameras, SD cards and tripods.
Luckily, I have a sister who has a good quality camera and tripod and I already had my own SD card so my group didn’t need to hire anything or sign any forms as my sister was kind enough to allow us to borrow the equipment as and when we needed it.
Luckily, I have a sister who has a good quality camera and tripod and I already had my own SD card so my group didn’t need to hire anything or sign any forms as my sister was kind enough to allow us to borrow the equipment as and when we needed it.
Locations
We filmed in four different locations. Freya’s grandparent’s
house, Billy’s parent’s house, Roman Wood in Acle and at college. For each of
the locations (except Roman Wood) we got the owner of the house/our teacher to
sign a location release form.
A location recce is a visit to a location which takes place
before the filming begins. This is done so that the location can be assessed
for any issues the location has regarding lighting and sound. This is also to
see whether the location is actually suitable for shooting in.
A location release is a form that you must get filled out if you’re filming on
private property or in a public place by the person who owns the land.
A location release is a form that you must get filled out if you’re filming on
private property or in a public place by the person who owns the land.
Freya’s grandparents: We filmed here, because the kitchen
table was a good match to the Valentine’s scene that we had first imagined. We
also thought that it would be best to film here, because Smudge (the dog) lives
here and neither myself nor Billy had met him before so we thought it would be
best to let him get used to us in his own familiar surroundings rather than
taking him out straight away and just give his lead to Billy without him
knowing who he is.
Billy’s parents’ house: We filmed here, because Billy has two rooms which were
suitable for both the cozy birthday scene and the New Year’s Eve party scene.
Roman Wood (Acle): We filmed here, because there was a nice walk that looked
like a popular dog walking place and a bench half way that was suitable for the
typical “boy meets girl” scene.
College:
Benches: We filmed here, because it was a quite area and there was a wall
behind the benches so no one would be able to walk behind the bench and then
we’d have to re-film the scene. We originally planned to film at our local
Costa Coffee, but we didn’t get permission or a release form signed early
enough so we had to film at college as it was quicker to get a form signed as we already had permission to film there.
Classroom: We filmed here, because there was a staircase leading up to the classroom
that looked like how an apartment building would look like, therefore was
perfect for the last scene in our film when the couple move in together. Also
we used the other end of the room to film the video call scene as it just had a
plain wall and didn’t look like they were in the same room that they were going
to move into a few scenes down the line.
Billy’s parents’ house: We filmed here, because Billy has two rooms which were
suitable for both the cozy birthday scene and the New Year’s Eve party scene. 
Roman Wood (Acle): We filmed here, because there was a nice walk that looked
like a popular dog walking place and a bench half way that was suitable for the
typical “boy meets girl” scene. College:
Benches: We filmed here, because it was a quite area and there was a wall
behind the benches so no one would be able to walk behind the bench and then
we’d have to re-film the scene. We originally planned to film at our local
Costa Coffee, but we didn’t get permission or a release form signed early
enough so we had to film at college as it was quicker to get a form signed as we already had permission to film there. 
Classroom: We filmed here, because there was a staircase leading up to the classroom
that looked like how an apartment building would look like, therefore was
perfect for the last scene in our film when the couple move in together. Also
we used the other end of the room to film the video call scene as it just had a
plain wall and didn’t look like they were in the same room that they were going
to move into a few scenes down the line. 
To assess and plan for any risks that we may have faced
during the filming process Max filled out a risk assessment form. On this form
he outlined all of the possible risks that could occur and what we could do to
prevent this from happening. All of the risks were related to the locations and
people that would be involved in the filming at that time.
Materials
As well as equipment, cast and crew to make a film props and
costumes are also required.
A prop (also known as a property) “is an object used on screen by actors during the screen production.” Basically, “a prop is anything movable or portable on a set, distinct from the actors, scenery, costumes and electrical equipment. Consumable food items appearing in the production are also considered properties.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_property)
A propmaster is in charge of all of the props and researching where to get everything for the best value. Some things (like if Cadbury was a part of the product placement) have to be gotten directly from the manufacturer whereas other things such as oranges can be picked up from anywhere.
Costumes means a “style of dressing, including all the clothes, accessories, etc.”
(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/costume)
Basically, a costume is what the actor will wear when on filming each scene.
A costume designer has to research things that will make the film look as authentic as possible to the time period that the film is set in. For example, if the film was set in the 1960s then the costume designer will look up what patterns and materials were most popular. Then if they were to make the costumes from scratch then they would get similar patterns and materials and make a costume that looks similar to the popular fashion in the 1960s. If they were not going to make the costumes then they will go to loads of different clothing shops and hopefully find a close match.
When choosing what to use in the production the most important thing to consider is the price of each thing and if anything is being used in product placement. To try and stick to the budget then money should be saved wherever possible. If there are any licences needed (for example, if there are any firearms being used in the film then a licenses will be needed) then the price of this needs to be considered in the budget.
A prop (also known as a property) “is an object used on screen by actors during the screen production.” Basically, “a prop is anything movable or portable on a set, distinct from the actors, scenery, costumes and electrical equipment. Consumable food items appearing in the production are also considered properties.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_property)
A propmaster is in charge of all of the props and researching where to get everything for the best value. Some things (like if Cadbury was a part of the product placement) have to be gotten directly from the manufacturer whereas other things such as oranges can be picked up from anywhere.
Costumes means a “style of dressing, including all the clothes, accessories, etc.”
(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/costume)
Basically, a costume is what the actor will wear when on filming each scene. A costume designer has to research things that will make the film look as authentic as possible to the time period that the film is set in. For example, if the film was set in the 1960s then the costume designer will look up what patterns and materials were most popular. Then if they were to make the costumes from scratch then they would get similar patterns and materials and make a costume that looks similar to the popular fashion in the 1960s. If they were not going to make the costumes then they will go to loads of different clothing shops and hopefully find a close match.
When choosing what to use in the production the most important thing to consider is the price of each thing and if anything is being used in product placement. To try and stick to the budget then money should be saved wherever possible. If there are any licences needed (for example, if there are any firearms being used in the film then a licenses will be needed) then the price of this needs to be considered in the budget.
Legal Issues
Anything that is created by someone automatically has copyright protection, from a photo to a film. You do not have to apply for the
protection, as long as you put the copyright symbol with your name and the year
it was created on the work then you have the protection.
Having copyright protection prevents people taking your work and using it as their own, making copies of your work without a fee, giving out copies of the work you created to other people, displaying your work for the public to anyone, e.c.t. and if they try then you have rights in the law that work in your favor to stop them from getting away with it.
Depending on what type of work you created will determine how many years copyright will protect your work. For example, a film is protected by copyright for “70 years after the death of the director, screenplay author and composer.” (https://www.gov.uk/copyright/how-long-copyright-lasts)
Having copyright protection prevents people taking your work and using it as their own, making copies of your work without a fee, giving out copies of the work you created to other people, displaying your work for the public to anyone, e.c.t. and if they try then you have rights in the law that work in your favor to stop them from getting away with it.
Depending on what type of work you created will determine how many years copyright will protect your work. For example, a film is protected by copyright for “70 years after the death of the director, screenplay author and composer.” (https://www.gov.uk/copyright/how-long-copyright-lasts)
When we were deciding what song to use for our DepicT!
Project we found a cover of a song called “Don’t Deserve You” by Plump which
we really liked and thought would go nicely with the theme of out film.
However, due to copyright we were unable to use this song. Royalty free music is a piece of music that is made by someone who has released it to the public to use for whatever they wish. Usually, the composer of a royalty free piece of music just asks for credit in return.
Clearance is the term used for having permission to use
copyright protected content in your project (this can be anything from a song
to a branded product).
Public Liability Insurance is insurance that will cover you from any claims made against your project for events such as “personal injuries, loss of or damage to property and death” (https://www.abi.org.uk/Insurance-and-savings/Products/Business-insurance/Liability-insurance/Public-liability-insurance).
Completion guarantee/insurance is an agreement that insures that the film will be finished in an agreed time schedule.
Public Liability Insurance is insurance that will cover you from any claims made against your project for events such as “personal injuries, loss of or damage to property and death” (https://www.abi.org.uk/Insurance-and-savings/Products/Business-insurance/Liability-insurance/Public-liability-insurance).
Completion guarantee/insurance is an agreement that insures that the film will be finished in an agreed time schedule.
RegulationA regulatory body is an organisation that protects the public by “imposing requirement, restrictions and conditions, setting standards in relation to any activity, and securing compliance, or enforcement.” (http://www.totalprofessions.com/more-about-professions/regulatory-bodies)
OFCOM is the UKs communications regulator, they “regulate
the TV and radio sectors, fixed line telecoms, mobiles, postal services, plus
the airwaves over which wireless devices operate.” (http://www.ofcom.org.uk/about/what-is-ofcom/)
The BBC is regulated by the Office of Fair Trading (OFT). The BBC is regulated by a different body to OFCOM because “OFCOM is not equipped to regulate the BBC because it is held to a “different standard of accuracy and impartiality” that the broadcasting watchdog applies to commercial rivals.”
(http://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/nov/05/ofcom-not-equipped-regulate-bbc-trust-director)
The BBFC stands for The British Board of Film Classification. The BBFC is an organisation that gives films and videos/DVDs an age restriction. This is who puts the sign on the cover which stops you from buying a film which is certificated at an 18 and you’re only 14.
Different aspects of the internet is regulated in different
ways. For example, YouTube doesn’t have any method for regulating videos that
are posted (unless they are trailers and then they would have been given a
certificate by the BBFC), however if someone is watching a video and feels that
the content of the video was inappropriate or violating then they have the
right to report the video to YouTube and the company will assess the contents
then proceed to carry out any precautionary measures they wish to stop this
content from offending anyone else (for example the person how uploaded the
video will get told to take it down and if they don’t YouTube will remove it their
selves.)
Other ways of regulating what is available to the public to watch is by having
age restrictions on who can gain access to the website/app in which the content
is on. For example, “Channel 4 requires users to be over 18 to sign up to the
service in the first place” (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6166814.stm)
anyone younger cannot get access to anything on the site.BBFC also holds a public consultation to get a gage on what the public think is suitable for people of different ages to be viewing. After this consultation “the BBFC adjusts its standards and criteria in response to any changes in public attitudes.” (http://www.bbfc.co.uk/what-classification/guidelines).
The BBFC has two principles in which they follow from their guidelines. These are:
1.
“To protect children and vulnerable adults from
potentially harmful or otherwise unsuitable content
2.
To empower consumers, particularly parents and
those with responsibility for children, to make informed viewing decisions”
(http://www.bbfc.co.uk/what-classification/guidelines)
(http://www.bbfc.co.uk/what-classification/guidelines)
Trade unions and trade associations
A trade union is an organisation which represents people how work and helps them get the best out of their job (for example a better pay if you believe you are entitled to one). They are important, because if you feel like you are being mistreated in the work place then they can help you sort out the problem. You’re most likely to get heard and helped by your work place if you have a team of people behind you backing the same cause.
A trade union is an organisation which represents people how work and helps them get the best out of their job (for example a better pay if you believe you are entitled to one). They are important, because if you feel like you are being mistreated in the work place then they can help you sort out the problem. You’re most likely to get heard and helped by your work place if you have a team of people behind you backing the same cause.
Trade associations provides “public relation activities such
as advertising, publishing,” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_association)
etc. So in the media industry a trade association would provide merchandise for
the film and getting interviews for the cast and crew to promote the film.
Bibliography:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_association
For the pictures:
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